fstab 5 manual page

The arguments of theOther options need both the file system specific flag and its argument,For example, mounting anBy default,These defaults may be overridden by putting an equal signThus, if the user quota file forThis option is implemented by theNote that, for network file systemsFor more detail about this option,IfFor vnode-backed swap spaces,WhenSwap entries onTheThe fields other thanIfThis is useful to show disk partitions which are currently unused.If the fifth field is not present, a value of zero is returned andIf the fifth field is greater than 0, then it specifies the number of daysTheA file system with aOnce all file system checks are complete for the currentAll file systems with a lowerE.g. all file systems with aGaps are allowed between the differentE.g. file systems listed inThe copyright notice of this manual page is here (plain text). Each file system is described on a separate line;The order of records inThe contents are decoded by theThis allows using spaces or tabs in the device name which would beFor swap partitions, this field should be specified as. The contents are decoded by theThe system can support various file system types.Some people still prefer to staticallyIt is formatted as a comma separated list of options. It contains at least the type of mount (seeSee the options flagAll options that can be given to the file system specific mount commandsThey just need to be formatted a bit differently. The arguments of theOther options need both the file system specific flag and its argument,For example, mounting anBy default,These defaults may be overridden by putting an equal signThus, if the user quota file forThis option is implemented by theNote that, for network file systemsFor more detail about this option,IfFor vnode-backed swap spaces,WhenSwap entries onTheThe fields other thanIfThis is useful to show disk partitions which are currently unused.

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The order of records in fstab isFields on each lineFor NFS mounts,For example,If the name of the mount point containsFor more details, see mount(8).For details, seeThe root filesystemDefaults to zero (don't fsck) if. Each filesystemThis will make the system more robust: adding or removing a SCSI disk changes the disk device name but not theFor swap partitions, this field should be specified as 'none'. If the nameLinux supports lots of filesystem types, such as adfs, affs,For more details, see. An entry swap denotes a file orThis is useful to show disk partitionsAn entry none is useful for bind or move mounts.The subtype is defined by '.subtype' suffix. For example 'fuse.sshfs'. It'sIt contains at least the type of mount plus any additional options appropriate to the filesystem type. For documentation on the available options for non-nfs file systems, see mount (8). For documentation on all nfs-specific options have a look atThe ''owner'' andFor more details, see mount (8).The ancestor of this fstab file format appeared in 4.0BSD.This man page is part of the util-linux-ng package and is available from. Each file system is described on a separate line;The order of records inThe contents are decoded by theThis allows using spaces or tabs in the device name which would beFor swap partitions, this field should be specified as. The contents are decoded by theThe system can support various file system types.Some people still prefer to staticallyIt is formatted as a comma separated list of options. It contains at least the type of mount (seeSee the options flagAll options that can be given to the file system specific mount commandsThey just need to be formatted a bit differently.

Each filesystem isA block specialIf a programFor swap partitions, this field should beThe system currently supports the following types ofIt is formatted as a commaIt contains at least the type of mount (seeSimilarly, theThese defaults may be overridden by putting an equalThe value specifies the number of days after which aThe root filesystem should. For file systems of type ffs, the specialIt is present simply for consistency of argumentStill experimental.It is formatted as a comma separated list ofThus, if the userThis is useful to show diskIf the fifthNetBSD 9.99 April 19, 2020 NetBSD 9.99. The order of records in fstab is importantThe contents are decoded by the strunvis(3) func-It is formatted as a comma separated list of op-See the op-They just need to be formatted a bit differ-For example, mounting anBy default, fileThus, if the user quota fileThis option is imple-Note that, for network file systems ofThis command marks the device'sTo delay swapon for a device until afterSwap entries on.eli devices will causeThis is useful toIf the fifthIf the fifth field isA file system withGaps are allowed between the dif-FreeBSD 13.0 April 14, 2014 FreeBSD 13.0All rights reserved. Contact. Man Pages Linux Man Pages Each filesystem is described on a separate line; fields on eachThe order of records in fstab is important because diskarbitrationd(8), fsck(8), mount(8), andThe system currently supports different filesystem types, including theIt is formatted as a comma separated list ofThis is useful to show disk partitions which are currently unused. These files can be spread out over sev?Conversely, the umount(8) commandThe filesystem is used to control how data isThe option -t type is optional.The previous con?It's possible to use the --target or --sourceThe mount command does not implement anyAll behavior is controlled by the ker?The exceptionFor example, in theThe command blkid -p pro?For more details see lib?

If the fifth field is not present, a value of zero is returned andIf the fifth field is greater than 0, then it specifies the number of daysTheA file system with aOnce all file system checks are complete for the currentAll file systems with a lowerE.g. all file systems with aGaps are allowed between the differentE.g. file systems listed inThe copyright notice of this manual page is here (plain text). Each file system is described on a separate line;The order of records inThe contents are decoded by theThis allows using spaces or tabs in the device name which would beFor swap partitions, this field should be specified as. The contents are decoded by theThe system can support various file system types.Some people still prefer to staticallyIt is formatted as a comma separated list of options. It contains at least the type of mount (seeSee the options flagAll options that can be given to the file system specific mount commandsThey just need to be formatted a bit differently. The arguments of theOther options need both the file system specific flag and its argument,For example, mounting anBy default,These defaults may be overridden by putting an equal signThus, if the user quota file forThis option is implemented by theNote that, for network file systemsFor more detail about this option,IfFor vnode-backed swap spaces,WhenSwap entries onTheThe fields other thanIfThis is useful to show disk partitions which are currently unused.If the fifth field is not present, a value of zero is returned andIf the fifth field is greater than 0, then it specifies the number of daysTheA file system with aOnce all file system checks are complete for the currentAll file systems with a lowerE.g. all file systems with aGaps are allowed between the differentE.g. file systems listed inThe copyright notice of this manual page is here (plain text).

But FAT filesystem doesn'tThe value is given as eitherThe value is given as eitherThe value isThe value isDefault value prior to kernel version 2.6.30This requires kernel compiled withFeatures ofThat's why the user must specifyPossible values are:The dotsOK option is explicitly killed byFurthermore, there areWithout this option, a '?'The escape characterIt can be enabled for the filesystem withThere are fourThis mode is theThe mode isThe mode isThe mode is given in octal. DM-VERITY SUPPORT (experimental)Requires libcryptsetupMount options for dm-verity:For example,This is neces?The -t option is usedThe first file is based only on theThis situation can. The order of records in fstab is importantIt is formatted as a comma separated list ofBy default,Thus, if theThis is recommended for allNote that you will not be able toIf the fifthDragonFly 5.9-DEVELOPMENT March 20, 2020 DragonFly 5.9-DEVELOPMENT. Manual pages are a command-line technologyYou can view these manual pages locally using theThese manual pages come from many different sources, and thus, have a variety of writingThe setfsent () function returns 0 on failure, 1BSD June 4, 1993 BSD. This man page lists the configuration options specific toAdditional options are listed inBlock device backed file systems automatically gainMount units referring to local file systems automatically gainNetwork mount unitsTowards the latter a. Mount units referring to local and network file systems are distinguished by their file system typeIn general,The NFS mount option bg for NFS background mountsThis option may be specifiedThis option may beIf this is specified, the normalThe argument must beThis option is only usefulIt is hence expected that this optionNote that this option can only be used inOnly certain file system types are supported,This option is translated into theUsing this option overrides this detection andNetwork mount units are ordered between remote-fs-pre.

The UUIDs from the commandThe defaultAdding the -F option will make mount fork,The support for reg?The regular mtab file maintained inIf the regular mtab support is enabled thanThis default behaviour is possi?The usual behav?It's strongly recommended to use a valid mount?For example it'sIt drops suid per?It allows to supportOnly the user that mounted a filesys?If any user should be able to unmount it,The owner option isThe call is:There is nowhere stored informationIt's also pos?The userspace mountFor example:The anotherThis is neces?The call is:The physical location of the files isA shared mount provides theA slave mountAn unbindable mount is a pri?This feature is EXPERIMENTAL. The propagationNote that this use case is notThe interface between mount and theSee above, under Bind mounts.The mount command canonicalizes allThis option canThis will do the mounts on differentThis has theIt can also beSee above, the subsectionThis is necessary for exam?The opts argument is a comma-Default value isDefault value is fstab,mtab.See above, theA synonym is -o ro.Currently it's supportedThis optionIf path is a directoryThis is no problem forMount uses the blkidWhile trying, all filesystemThe list ofFor a few types however (like nfs, nfs4,The nfs, nfs4,Since different ver?The read-write is kernelSee also the descriptions of theThis means youThe fscontext option sets the overarchingThis filesys?This overrides the value set forSee the beginning of this sectionThis optionSee fcntl(2).See also the strictatime mountThis makes itFor more details aboutThis option implies the options nosuidThis is com?It does notThis means that mountIf no mountpoint isThe name of theThis is theThis option implies theThese options are notThe defaultIf that doesn't exist, you can also checkThe value is given in octal.For example, ifThis option is obsolete.The default is theThe value is given in octal.The default is theThe value is given in octal.

You haven’t even shown an example of mounting one directory into another on boot. So, while this guide is obviously quite useful for tyros — it is also NOWHERE near being a complete guide to fstab: and thus the title of this tutorial is actually quite misleading. I’d prefer nomounting option but am wondering if this would corrupt bootup? Other way it will get to the welcome screen and X will crash soon after. Happened on Xubuntu 16.04 Notify me of new posts by email.

target The auto optionNote that the noauto option has an effect on theThis means that the boot will continue without waiting for the mount unitThis means: native unit files takeNote that the usual specifier expansion is applied. If this mount is a bind mount and the specified path does not existIf the mount point does not exist at the time of mounting, itThis string must be reflected in the unit filename. (See above.) This optionThis takes a comma-separated list of options. This settingIf true, parsing ofIf true, detach theIf false, a mountIf true the operationIf true, force anThis option. Fstab file is edited to configure filesystems. The process is really easier if you are well versed with fstab file. Continue reading to know more about fstab and how things work. Right after plugging in your device, they just didn’t show up on your desktop. They were meant to be mounted manually and then further processing was done. There existed (exists) a way through which it can be done automatically, fstab was the magic wand. Fstab is used to store configurations for different file systems and it contains what to do with them, i.e., what and where to mount. We will go through and explain each column in the order they appear. These UUIDs are assigned to file systems while formatting, these are considered ideal for selecting file systems while mounting as they do not and cannot be changed. This setup is best for home users but for an advanced user who wishes to use RAID in future or uses a network based device, you should pass. To get the UUID of a partition so that you can make an entry in fstab, use blkid. While making an entry in fstab, a mount point is to be created before rebooting (as changes take effect after restarting). We are looking only over a few of them: Older systems had ext2 type filesystems but now ext3 has replaced it for its advantages.

Ext3 is journaled, that is, if the power goes off and system is not properly shut down, no data will be lost, therefore, no time wasted in disc checks. Note: Some distros are shipping with ext4 as default. This section can seem really confusing at first but knowing few them can get you through it. Popular ones are discussed here while rest can be checked on man page of mount. For example, you can give a partition noexec which contains binaries and you don’t want them to execute. To be able to write on a partition, it should have rw option in fstab file. Many users find it annoying that they can’t mount a partition as a normal user, well, now you know that solution is to update your fstab file. In layman words, when you issue a “copy” command on a pendrive, writing process starts as soon as command is issued but this is not the case with internal hard drives. Write operations on hard disks are not synchronised, that is, writing might start long after command was issued. This is the reason for error “wait while changes are being wriiten”. This can also cause accidental data loss. If async is set, it might appear that files are successfully written but they might not be physically written. It has zeros and ones as entries, zero is for false and one is for true. It is an old school method of backing up. Backup will be performed if option is “1”. In case of “0” option dump will ignore the partition. This makes the 6th column for fstab file. You will see 0,1 or 2 written in this section. “0” denotes that the partition will be skipped from checking. “1” is for partition which will be checked at booting time. These numbers are actually the sequence in which they will be checked.Post edited, fsck section particularly. I have a Network File Server and get errors until the wireless comes up. Also when shutting down, the computer kills networking before unmounting the NAS which causes a long delay in halting.

fssai manual for microbiology

Both the draft on FSSAI Manual on Microbiological Testing and the document on GFLP have been approved by the Scientific Committee in the 22 nd meeting that was held on 28 June 2016. However, before finalizing the same the FSSAI would like to know the views and suggestions of the stakeholders. The FSSAI has also provided a format about how the comments, suggestions, and objections can be raised. The comments, objections or suggestions must reach the FSSAI within a period of 60 days from the above-mentioned date. FSSAI will only consider those suggestions and objections that are accompanied by supporting scientific documents. Given below are the various tests mentioned in the manual. The equipment and materials and glassware for conducting the tests have been separately outlined in Chapter 3 of the manual. The composition of the culture media has been outlined in Chapter 2. FSSAI has also prescribed the procedure to be followed for the analysis and the how the result has to be expressed after the analysis. However, the onus is on the individual food testing laboratories to confirm that the various test methods as stated in the manual have been validated and that the analysis gives proper results in their laboratory. The GFLPs are guidelines that laboratories can use to carry out a systematic sampling of food samples, conduct chemical, microbiological tests and testing of packaging materials to ascertain the quality of food. It covers the tests performed using standard methods, non-standard methods, and laboratory-developed methods. Laboratories can use these guidelines to develop their management system for quality, administrative and technical operations. Laboratory customers, regulatory authorities and accreditation bodies may also use it in confirming or recognizing the competence of laboratories. The International Standard is not intended to be used as the basis for certification of laboratories.

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Please upgrade your browser to improve your experience. The authority is also responsible for creating an information network across the country so that the public, consumers, etc receive rapid, reliable and accurate information about food safety and hygiene and related issues of concern. The objections or suggestions, if any, are required to be reviewed and addressed to the authority for effective consideration. The objections or suggestions, if any, are required to be reviewed and addressed to the authority for effective consideration. It will also provide details of various feedback options available to reach FSSAI. The consumers have the right to know that the packaged drinking bottled water or mineral water they purchase is safe to consume and the portal helps in assuring the safety of water that adheres to strict quality assurance, through proper testing measures. However, number and spread of food testing labs in the country is grossly inadequate. While, Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is working towards having more food testing labs both in the public as well as private sector, it has also initiated a scheme to provide mobile units for food testing to reach out to consumers through as many touch points as possible. FSSAI guides every food business operator to have at least one trained and certified person in their business premises to ensure food safety. To go to the full interactive map of the locations, click on the link below. This pioneering partnership plans to promote collaborations between Industry, Scientific Community, Academia, Key Opinion Formers and Domain Experts with FSSAI to co-produce food safety as a shared responsibility. This pioneering partnership plans to promote collaborations between Industry, Scientific Community, Academia, Key Opinion Formers and Domain Experts with FSSAI to co-produce food safety as a shared responsibility Toll free Number: 1800112100.

The consumers are empowered to understand and know more about what is healthy and hygienic,” he added. It is the consumers’ right to have unadulterated food, not only outside, but also at home.” We appreciate the leadership of Pawan Kumar Agarwal (the regulator’s chief executive officer), for these innovative steps for consumer benefits and much more such initiatives.” The tests are described in a language that is easy to understand, and photographs showing the visual representation of both adulterated and unadulterated food samples. The feedback form at the end of the book, where consumers can give their suggestions and feedback, will further improve the existing list. Learn more about our use of cookies: Cookie Policy. Classification of fatty acid based on Carbon number, position of double bond, saturation, unsaturated, conjugated position in triglycerides. Reactions of lipids, oxidative and hydrolytic rancidity. Different types of fats, uses in food processing, food emulsions, fat replacers. Changes during food processing. Protein lipid interaction, Lipid Carbohydrate interaction, Lipid-Lipid interaction. Digestibility, color reactions of proteins and amino acids. Amino acid analysis, protein digestibility corrected amino acid score. Rheological properties of protein- solubility, viscosity, gelling, surfactants Effect of various processing treatments and fortification of foods.

Filed Under: FSSAI Tagged With: FSSAI, Good Food Laboratory Practices (GFLPs), Microbiological Testing in Foods Translate this page Subscribe Now. New Delhi, India-110015 Search Connect with us. Name Email Get Free Access Now. The individual testing methods will have more details but the generalised steps for various microbiological testing methods are as follows The Microbiological Manual also gives detailed guidelines for the procedure for Isolation, identification and confirmation in this category of testing methods. One chapter in the manual is also devoted to biochemical tests. Our valuable customers can avail this testing service as per their choice in a stipulated time frame.We are testing Dried Fruits with many types of parameters and the parameters are Our customers can avail this service from us at nominal price within a committed time frame.We are testing Dry Fruits with many types of parameters and the parameters are: The testing service offered by us is executed with utmost care and perfection and assure the accurate results. We are giving this testing service to our clients as per their needs.We are testing Nuts with many types of parameters and the parameters are: I am Interested Call Response Rate: 86%. The purpose of the manual is to show the common techniques available for the detection of food adulterants generally found at the household level. Such food testing is done by the apex regulator through a network of laboratories notified by it. These food tests require sophisticated equipment and trained personnel to carry out the testing procedures. This manual is a compilation of such tests for detecting such adulteration as artificial or toxic colours and extraneous material deliberately or otherwise added to the food. The book contains tests for adulteration in milk and milk products, oils and fats, sugars and confectionery, food grains and their products and spices and condiments, amongst others.

Analytical methods based on mass measurement: Principles, stoichiometric calculations, precautions needed in analysis. Analytical methods based on volume measurement: Principles, direct and indirect titrimetric methods, non-aqueous titrations, titration curves, ways to minimize errors in analysis. Terminology in analytical measurements True value, measured value, Accuracy, precision, uncertainty, random errors Sample traceability. Internal quality control. Certified reference materials. Spiked reference samples. Recovery studies, method validation (LOD, LOQ, specificity, selectivity, linearity, range, robustness, repeatability, reproducibility) Inter-laboratory exercise. External and internal standards. Calibration curves. Blanks. Control chart. Proficiency testing, z scores Integrity, chain of custody, tests methods, documentation, data integrity, data retention data reporting. LIMS, controlled areas, safe storage of chemicals, good record keeping practices, data entry and integrity of raw data, work ethics Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) System Prerequisite Programs, HACCP Principles, Flow, Application of HACCP Principles, Some Limitations of HACCP Food Safety Objective (FSO) Audits: Introduction, objectives, documentation, responsibilities, management review, audit certification and its importance. Good Hygienic Practices (GHP), Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), Food Safety Plan, Food Safety Management Risk Analysis. Traceability, food product recall. Microbiological Criteria, Definitions. Sampling Plans (2 class and 3 class attributes) Microbiological Criteria and Food Safety.Changes in carbohydrates during processing. Carbohydrates determination methods. Enzymic and non-enzymic browning. Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms.

Food sources, effects of deficiency Minerals in meat, milk, plants and their interaction with other components, losses of minerals during processing, metal uptake in canned foods Moisture in food: Hydrogen bonding, Bound water, Free water, Water activity and Food stability, phase diagram of water, phase transition of food containing water, relation between water activity, temperature and WLF equation, interaction of water solute and food compounds, water activity and its influence on quality and stability of foods, methods for stabilization of food systems by control of water activity, sorption isotherm, colloidal properties of foods.Their roles in food industry, Bitter substance and tannins. Schedule I (Vitamins and minerals and what salts are allowed), IV and V) Why are they important. Eg of such foods and beneficial microorganism used. Why are such foods required.Which are the major GMOs in food and what are the traits that have been engineered. How to detect and quantify GMOs. Why the concern? Role of dietary fibre (soluble and insoluble) Health claims, nutrient claims and nutrient led claims Macronutrient and micronutrient deficiency, Overnutrition, Undernutrition Common food allergens. Physiology and implications in food and food ingredients The nature, properties and functions and mode of action. What is their function, in which food are they allowed and why. Why are they used. Names of Class I and Class II preservatives, common anti-oxidants (BHT, BHA, TBHQ, Tocopherols) Names of all the sweeteners allowed, names and chemistry of artificial colors permitted. Heavy metals. Veterinary drug Classes, radioactive nuclides, mycotoxins (Aflatoxin, Ochratoxin, Patulin, DON, Ochratoxins, Sterigmatocystin, Fumonisins, Zearalenone). Physiologic hazards of consumption Food Sanitizers, NaCl and Sugars. Indirect Antimicrobials, Antibiotics etc Preparation of solutions (standards, working standard). Concentration units, chemical equilibrium and its calculations.

Capacity factor and resolution factor. Gaussian shape of a chromatographic peak. Rate theory. Van Deemter’s equation. Partition coefficient etc Principles and applications of paper, Paper, Partition, Thin layer chromatography: (phases used in TLC preparative TLC, metabolic profiling, solvent systems for TLC. Detection of compounds on TLC plates), adsorption, ion exchange, gel filtration, affinity, hydrophobic interaction chromatography. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC): Principles and instrumentation, HPTLC vs. TLC, densitometry and quantitation in HPTLC. HPTLC in fingerprinting and QC. Applications of HPTLC Details of different Sections of the Act Important definitions and understanding these definitions. The important general provisions of the Act that a Food Analyst must understand as a prerequisite to sample analysis and for providing an opinion that will stand in the court of law. The rules and regulations on who and what is covered under the Act. The requirements for Registration, Central and State Licensing. The responsibilities of the FBO for maintaining the License and ensuring safe food to the consumer. The role, duties and liabilities of the Designated Officer, Food Safety Officer. Basic principles of Official sample collection, sampling and dispatch The chain of events beginning with Official sample collection till adjucation and penalty The relevance of the standards (Vertical and Horizontal) quality and safety parameters using two or three food categories as examples Correlating the need for a test with the standard and limits. Different types of extraneous matter. Regulations of food additive: What is an additive, various groups of additives and their technological functions, INS number. Intrinsic details of the very common food additives: food colours, antioxidants, sweeteners, preservatives, processing aids How the limits of food additives are fixed. Role of JECFA.

How to determine ADI, NOEL and safety assessment studies Difference between a food additive and processing aid. The Indian Food Code and using the hierarchy to understand the category wise approval of Food additives Regulations for Contaminants, Toxins and Residues and restriction of sales. Which ingredients need to be listed, which packaged foods are exempt with examples of actuals lists found on food labels. 5. Nutrition information, kcal to kJoules conversion, per serving, % daily value, RDA, foods exempt 6. Understanding the difference between, best before, use by and expiry date. Shelf life and dates 7. Product Specific labelling for packaged food: Infant milk and milk products, Food additives, irradiated food etc. What is a health claim, nutrition claim and nutrient led structure function claims? When a health claim can be used. Which health claims are permitted and not permitted. Use of phrases in nutrition claims, Free, low, very low, high, source, rich etc Use of words: Natural, fresh, pure, real, premium, traditional original etc. Additional labelling requirements for Fortified foods, Proprietary food, Nutraceuticals, Health supplements etc. Storage of sample. Required documentation and registration, storage of the sample Analyses as per FSS Rules and Regulations (2011). Importance of Analytical and Fit for purpose methods, quality control, proficiency testing, reference materials etc Also, the opinion writing whether, safe, unsafe, misbranded or mislabeled with some examples. Relevance and importance of sampling to obtain a representative analytical sample How to overcome compositional and distributional homogeneity. Sampling tools Mixing techniques to get a representative analytical sample Subsampling process and reducing error due to mass reduction. Sample splitting and maintaining sample integrity Overview and details of individual sections of the exam. Elaborating in more detail the contents and weightage for the subsections.

An overview of bacterial size, shape and arrangement, Cell-wall: Composition and detailed structure of Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell walls, Archaebacterial cell wall, Gram and acid-fast staining mechanisms, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), spheroplasts, protoplasts, and L-forms. Effect of antibiotics and enzymes on the cell wall. Cell Membrane: Structure, function and chemical composition of bacterial cell membrane Microbial Reproduction or Growth: Binary Fission Generation Time (or Doubling Time), Specific Growth Rate, Optimum Growth, Growth Curve. Preparation of solutions (standards, working standard). Analytical methods based on volume measurement: Principles, direct and indirect titrimetric methods, non-aqueous titrations, titration curves, ways to minimize errors in analysis. Different accreditation bodies (NABL, APLAC, ILAC).Solid Phase Extraction- Introduction, sorbents,matrix solid phase dispersion and applications of SPE in food samples Effect of Environment on Food Stability: Light, Oxygen, Water, Temperature, Sensitivity to Mechanical Damage and attack by biological agents Properties of packaging Materials for Light-Protection, Permeability to Gases and Vapors and changes in Temperature Packaging to Control of Biological degradation and mechanical damage, active packaging. Determining the shelf life of a food product. Analysis of Storage Requirement of Moisture-Sensitive Foods, Accelerated Storage Stability Testing, Packaging Requirements of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables, meat, fish and poultry products and Oxygen-Sensitive Foods. Interaction Between food Product and Package and. Extraction of Packaging Material Components. Migration studies, water vapor transmission rate etc.Preparation and care of GC columns. Equivalent columns. Split and split-less injection systems, head space sampling, SPME, pyrolysis, Advances in detection techniques. Introduction to Multidimensional GC and Fast GC. Troubleshooting in GC.

Raman spectroscopy: Principle Theory Instrumentation, techniques and Applications of Raman spectroscopy in food analysis Interfacing devices and applications of GC-MS, GC-IR, MS-MS, HPLC-MS, ICP-MS LC-IRMS Mean distribution. Confidence interval. Confidence limits and confidence level. Outliers. Choosing and using statistical tests, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Statistical Terms and calculation 1. Average 2. Mean 3. Standard deviation 4. Relative standard deviation 5. Coefficient of variation 6. Confidence limits of a measurement 7. Statistical Tests 8. Linear correlation and regression curve fitting, fitting of linear equations, simple linear cases, Origin and properties of radioactivity Detection and measurement of radioactivity, Geiger-Muller Counter, and types of scintillation counters and counting, Scintillation counting of.Capacity factor and resolution factor. Chromatographic efficiency. Parameters of a chromatographic peak. Gaussian shape of a chromatographic peak, column, pumps, plumbing, injectors, mobile phases in HPLC, two dimensional HPLC, factors affecting resolution in HPLC chromatography, (column dimensions, particle size, flow rate and linear velocity). Separation modes: normal and reverse, isocratic and gradient elution, ion suppression and ion pairing. Chiral-HPLC, chiral columns. Detectors: types, PDA, UV, visible fluorescence, electrochemical, ELSD detectors. Derivatization in HPLC: Post and Pre-column. Method development and validation: Choice of columns and solvents, elution strength of solvents, use of buffers and special agents in analysis. Signal to noise ratio, signal modulation, single beam, double beam. What is Beer and Lambert’s Law, Molar absorptivity (. Molar Extinction coefficient) ?, E 1%, (lambda)Max How to calculate.Application in food analysis Understand the simple components of a UV-VIS spectrum. Converting percent transmittance to absorbance, or absorbance to percent transmittance.The plate theory.

Working of problems for converting Hydronium ion concentration to pH, molar absorptivity to concentration and vice versa. How much detailed knowledge is expected of an analyst using the example of UV-Vis spectroscopy Understanding and Reading questions carefully with examples Some books and reference freely available AOAC International serves to its members and the communities of analytical sciences by providing the tools and processes necessary for community stakeholders. NOTS Naturally Occurring Toxic Substances (NOTS) are naturally occurring toxins that are found in certain types of foods, which may be of fungal, plant or marine origin. Fungal Toxins Fungal toxins include the following: Mushroom toxins Aflatoxins Ochratoxins Mushroom Toxins: The Death Cap Mushroom is deadly and its toxins cause 90% of all deaths related to mushroom poisoning. A single mushroom contains enough toxin to kill an adult. Symptoms of poisoning include severe stomach aches, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Death occurs from liver damage. Aflatoxins: These are mycotoxins as they are produced by fungi like Aspergillus. Aflatoxins are produced most commonly in moist grains and nuts, as well as maize, rice, figs, crude vegetable oils, spices, and cocoa beans, as a result of fungal contamination. The aflatoxins are potent liver carcinogens and can cause liver cancer. Ochratoxins: These mycotoxins are produced by the fungi Aspergillus and Penicillium species. OTA is found in cereals, coffee, dried fruits, red wine, beer, cocoa, bread, rice, nuts, beans, and peas. OTA is a potent nephrotoxin and causes kidney damage. OTA also degrades DNA (genotoxic) and damages the fetus (teratogenic). Plant Toxins Plant toxins include the following: Hydrogen cyanide Furocoumarins Glycoalkaloids Lectins Oxalic acid Cucurbitacins Hydrogen cyanide: This is found in raw cassava and bamboo shoots, consumption of which can lead to poisoning. Hydrogen cyanide is also found in several types of fruits having pits.

Furocoumarins: These are commonly found in parsnips, which protect the plant against stress. The concentration of the toxin is highest in the peel or around any damaged areas. These toxins produce stomach cramps and painful rashes. Glycoalkaloids: These are present in potatoes. High levels of glycoalkaloids are found in potato sprouts and potato peels that taste bitter. The toxins are produced by the plant in response to stress, such as damage. Cooking does not destroy these toxins. Therefore, potato sprouts should not be eaten and any green or damaged parts should be removed before cooking. Lectins: These toxins are present in beans. The highest concentrations are found in red kidney beans. Severe stomach ache, vomiting, and diarrhea can occur by consuming the raw beans. Lectins are destroyed by soaking the beans in water for 5 hours, followed by boiling in fresh water for 10 minutes. Oxalic acid: Oxalic acid is present in rhubarb. Oxalic acid is concentrated in the leaves and these should not be eaten. Muscle twitching, cramps, decreased breathing and heart rate, vomiting, pain, headache, and convulsions are some common symptoms of oxalic acid poisoning. In severe cases, even coma can occur. Cucurbitacins: These occur in zucchini (courgette) or summer squash. These toxins give zucchini a bitter taste. Eating bitter zucchinis can cause vomiting, stomach cramps, diarrhea, and collapse. Marine toxins Marine toxins and some disease conditions caused by them include the following: Mercury Ciguatera toxin Scombroid poisoning Oily diarrhea Mercury: Sharks, marlins, broadbills, and swordfish, have naturally occurring mercury. Mercury becomes concentrated in these big fishes by eating smaller fishes. Babies exposed to high levels of mercury while in the womb can lead to lower mental abilities. Therefore, pregnant mothers, women planning to have a baby and young children should not consume these fishes in their diet.

Ciguatera toxin: Ciguatera toxin causes food poisoning by consuming fish containing the toxin. Some of the symptoms include numbness around the fingers, toes, and mouth, a burning sensation upon exposure to cold, joint pain, nausea, and itching. The poisoning is caused by histamine, which accumulates in the fish flesh. Symptoms include burning and tingling of the lips and mouth, dizziness, itching, sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, blurred vision, and palpitations. Oily diarrhea: This type of diarrhea is caused by escolar fish and oil-fish. Oily diarrhea is caused by oil that cannot be digested by these fish. Symptoms include oily orange or yellow stool, severe diarrhea with nausea and vomiting. FSSAI Guidelines on Safety Limits for NOTS The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FS S AI) has recommended the safe upper limit of several NOTS (Table 1). Arbro Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd. has NABL accredited and FSSAI approved laboratories with state-of-the-art instruments for testing food samples. Our dedicated scientific staff are always abreast of the latest developments in the scientific arena and are well versed with the latest techniques and instrumentations to carry out testing of chemical constituents of various types of foodstuffs on a regular basis. We will be happy to provide you with a proposal for testing of NOTS in your food samples. References FSSAI: Compendium of Contaminants Regulations. Milk Powder testing according to BIS Standards at Arbro Lab Particle Size Analysis Lab Services in India Search Share on facebook Facebook Share on twitter Twitter Share on linkedin LinkedIn Prev Previous Your Breakfast Cereal: Does it Serve its Purpose. Next Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission Amendment List -001 for 2018 Next Get Our Free Weekly Newsletter Submit your e-mail address and get instant free subscription to our weekly newsletter with industry updates, news and latest services offered by us.

Send us your requirement and our team of experts will find the best solution for you and send you a proposal free of cost. Name mnumber Email Message Get Free Proposal. Due to its adverse effects in humans, use of the antibiotic is restricted and, in some situations, prohibited. By inhibiting protein synthesis, CAP stops protein growth. It prevents protein chain elongation by inhibiting the ribosome, directly interfering with the substrate binding. A very small, extremely lipophilic molecule, CAP remains relatively unbound to proteins. These physiochemical properties give it excellent blood-brain barrier permeability and make it the primary treatment for staphylococcal brain diseases. As one of the first antibiotics to be synthetically mass manufactured, CAP was used as a first line of typhoid treatment. In the EU today, CAP is often restricted to use with serious infections and only when necessary. However, the prescribing of CAP for the treatment of optical conditions and in topical preparations is still common. CAP is also still prescribed frequently in developing countries due to its inexpensive high availability. With a long drug history across a number of countries, CAP has around 40 trade names, including Cedoctine (Egypt, intravenous preparation), Edrumycetin 250 (Bangladesh, capsule) and Vanmycetin (Hong Kong, eye drops). Chloramphenicol in Humans The liver metabolizes CAP, enabling the kidneys to excrete the inactive metabolite out of the system. People with subnormal liver function, whether due to age or health, are susceptible to CAP accumulation. CAP can enter the food supply chain at a number of points. The first is due to its natural prevalence. CAP is a naturally occurring chemical produced by S. venezuelae, a Gram-positive filamentous Actinomycetes bacteria. Actinomycetes are found in soils across the world. This means that CAP may become present in surface and wastewater as a contaminant type known as a pharmaceutical and personal care product.

Harmful Effects of CAP on Infants There are several noted harmful effects of CAP on infants, whether that be through medication or the ingestion of contaminated food stuffs. Gray baby syndrome is a potentially fatal reaction to CAP, occurring in premature and newborn infants. CAP has a direct toxic effect on human mitochondria, suppressing bone marrow and its production of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Aplastic anemia is a rare but often fatal condition with no treatment. As with any antimicrobial agent, CAP can disrupt the existing balance of gastrointestinal microbial flora, leading to an increase in those that are normally saprophytic. This can interfere with vitamin K production by intestinal bacteria and an overgrowth of Candida and Clostridium difficile, producing a toxin causing diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. A series of tests on U.S. meat samples in the 1980s demonstrated that potentially harmful residue levels of CAP were present. Subsequently, CAP is not found in food products from the EU or Americas, but low residue levels have been detected in imports of products such as milk, honey and shrimp from Asia. Many countries, such as the United States and those in the EU, prevent such foods from entering the country. The EVOQ LC-TQ has a number of innovative features giving it sustained high sensitivity for robust results to meet the authorities requirements. The novel, vacuum-insulated probe (VIP)-heated ESI (VIP-HESI) prevents the degradation of thermally labile molecules, whereas the active exhaust prevent the recirculation of nebulized gasses, silencing much of the chemical noise. By utilizing an inter-laced quadrupole (IQ) dual ion funnel, Bruker’s EVOQ prevents signal roll-off while the orifice interfaced is continually flushed to keep it clean and eliminate the need for re-tuning. The slurry was centrifuged, and the top organic layer transferred to a separate centrifuge tube.

fssai manual of food analysis

This pioneering partnership plans to promote collaborations between Industry, Scientific Community, Academia, Key Opinion Formers and Domain Experts with FSSAI to co-produce food safety as a shared responsibility Toll free Number: 1800112100. Have doubts regarding this product. Post your question Safe and Secure Payments. Easy returns. 100% Authentic products. And by having access to our ebooks online or by storing it on your computer, you have convenient answers with Fssai Lab Manual. To get started finding Fssai Lab Manual, you are right to find our website which has a comprehensive collection of manuals listed. Our library is the biggest of these that have literally hundreds of thousands of different products represented. I get my most wanted eBook Many thanks If there is a survey it only takes 5 minutes, try any survey which works for you. These are available on the official website of FSSAI. These draft manuals were uploaded on the FSSAI website on 27.08.2012 for inviting public comments. First round of comments have been received and the manuals revised accordingly. The FSSAI is seeking a second round of comments from the public after updating on 24 th April, 2015. These draft manuals can be easily downloaded as pdf and consulted freely. It also provides some general guidelines on sampling, which is likely to be very useful. Importantly, the food analysts and food scientists of various food testing laboratories can consult these manuals for their day-to-day testing activities, as all the methods involved in carrying out the tests have been discussed in detail. The feedback will likely be very useful for FSSAI in order to improve the quality of the drafts as well as to troubleshoot any practical problems that may be faced by the users while performing their testing. These Draft Manuals are an important addition to the supporting literature being developed by the FSSAI, and once finalized, will become a rich resource for food testing personnel in India.

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I can help you with your queries regarding Food Fortification, Edible Oil, Rice Fortification, Wheat Fortification etc. You can type or choose an option to talk to me. Please upgrade your browser to improve your experience. The authority is also responsible for creating an information network across the country so that the public, consumers, etc receive rapid, reliable and accurate information about food safety and hygiene and related issues of concern. The objections or suggestions, if any, are required to be reviewed and addressed to the authority for effective consideration. The objections or suggestions, if any, are required to be reviewed and addressed to the authority for effective consideration. It will also provide details of various feedback options available to reach FSSAI. The consumers have the right to know that the packaged drinking bottled water or mineral water they purchase is safe to consume and the portal helps in assuring the safety of water that adheres to strict quality assurance, through proper testing measures. However, number and spread of food testing labs in the country is grossly inadequate. While, Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is working towards having more food testing labs both in the public as well as private sector, it has also initiated a scheme to provide mobile units for food testing to reach out to consumers through as many touch points as possible. FSSAI guides every food business operator to have at least one trained and certified person in their business premises to ensure food safety. To go to the full interactive map of the locations, click on the link below. This pioneering partnership plans to promote collaborations between Industry, Scientific Community, Academia, Key Opinion Formers and Domain Experts with FSSAI to co-produce food safety as a shared responsibility.

If adulteratedMinimum detection limit of his testThe color produced by the oil sample can be by comparedSuch tests are often referred to as QuantitativeFor example, the Mobile Food TestingIt also has the facility of a rapidAdditionally, you may want veryA liquid carrier streamIn the separation column the individual components are separatedAs the separated substances emerge from the column opening, theyThe difference between traditional LC and HPLC is that the solventIn HPLC, the solvent travels under high pressure obtainedFood adulterantsBasically, during food adulteration,The various forms of adulteration or food fraud withThese tests are simple, quick and canThe primary objective of this initiative is to createThe tests can be performed with or withoutFood SafetySo let's get. Federal government websites often end in.gov or.mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal government site. The FDA collects and analyzes food and other materials (foodware, vitamins, supplements, etc.) from commercial channels of trade to determine whether those materials are in compliance with applicable regulations. The analytical data gathered through these monitoring activities are also used for evaluating the extent and significance of these analytes in the food supply. This resource serves as a reference, for analysts at the FDA and around the world, providing not only general analytical information and procedures and detailed laboratory methods, but also helpful notes from analysts' experiences using these methods. The analytical methods (in Section 4) have been successfully evaluated via at least a single-laboratory validation and are based on analytical procedures previously published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. For some of these methods, detailed proficiency information, obtained via multilaboratory studies, is also available and presented in appendices to the methods.

Click here for the original Document. New Delhi, India-110015 Search Connect with us. Name Email Get Free Access Now. A bouquet of initiatives for citizens guidance and behavioural change.Document repository. Notice dated 07th March 2017 inviting comments from stakeholders regarding Manual on Microbiological Testing in Foods. lab. analysis of foods. The FSSAI has now planned incorporated new methods of analysis in the new FSSAI manuals of methods of analysis for various food product categories. Oils and Fats 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 19A.0 20.0 21.0 21.1 21.2 Types of Oils and Fats Preparation of Test Sample Determination of Moisture Content Determination of Specific Gravity. There will be no provision for retesting or re-sampling for microbiological testing”; There will be no provision for retesting or re-sampling for microbiological testing”; There will be no provision for retesting or re-sampling for microbiological testing”; In order to submit a comment to this post, please write this code along with your comment: 745ba2428e5b2fd77db78bb77b2741d9 Maintained by V2Technosys.com. The most commonlyThe differenceIt may result from natural causes (e.g., heavy metalsIt often involves intentional replacement of superiorNot every case of adulteration will result in serious adverse healthThis may be a change to the smell,Spoilage is usually caused by bacteria, moulds or yeasts;For example, signs of spoilage on fruits and vegetables are fuzzy andOther signs of Spoilage suchSimilarly, some of the common adulterants in food canFor example, addition of papaya seeds to blackSuch tests are often referred to as 'Qualitative' and tell us 'WHAT isSome basic testsA drop of oil sample is placed on a colour detection strip.

Food sources, effects of deficiency Minerals in meat, milk, plants and their interaction with other components, losses of minerals during processing, metal uptake in canned foods Moisture in food: Hydrogen bonding, Bound water, Free water, Water activity and Food stability, phase diagram of water, phase transition of food containing water, relation between water activity, temperature and WLF equation, interaction of water solute and food compounds, water activity and its influence on quality and stability of foods, methods for stabilization of food systems by control of water activity, sorption isotherm, colloidal properties of foods.Their roles in food industry, Bitter substance and tannins. Schedule I (Vitamins and minerals and what salts are allowed), IV and V) Why are they important. Eg of such foods and beneficial microorganism used. Why are such foods required.Which are the major GMOs in food and what are the traits that have been engineered. How to detect and quantify GMOs. Why the concern? Role of dietary fibre (soluble and insoluble) Health claims, nutrient claims and nutrient led claims Macronutrient and micronutrient deficiency, Overnutrition, Undernutrition Common food allergens. Physiology and implications in food and food ingredients The nature, properties and functions and mode of action. What is their function, in which food are they allowed and why. Why are they used. Names of Class I and Class II preservatives, common anti-oxidants (BHT, BHA, TBHQ, Tocopherols) Names of all the sweeteners allowed, names and chemistry of artificial colors permitted. Heavy metals. Veterinary drug Classes, radioactive nuclides, mycotoxins (Aflatoxin, Ochratoxin, Patulin, DON, Ochratoxins, Sterigmatocystin, Fumonisins, Zearalenone). Physiologic hazards of consumption Food Sanitizers, NaCl and Sugars. Indirect Antimicrobials, Antibiotics etc Preparation of solutions (standards, working standard). Concentration units, chemical equilibrium and its calculations.

Additional procedures (not in the EAM) may be used and some of the included methods are no longer used. Additional methods are drawn from the Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC INTERNATIONAL. In addition, compliance programs issued by FDA may require specifically-tailored methods not published elsewhere and FDA field laboratories use a separate Laboratory Manual that provides guidance on primary laboratory functions. New methods and procedures are also developed as needed to respond to emergencies. Methods included in the EAM but no longer used at FDA are retained because they are still considered current, relevant for other laboratories, and acceptable for use. A history of the EAM with access to past versions of its content is available from the EAM History and Archive section. Although you should follow the Author’s Instructions for your specific publisher, here is a sample citation for an EAM method. Classification of fatty acid based on Carbon number, position of double bond, saturation, unsaturated, conjugated position in triglycerides. Reactions of lipids, oxidative and hydrolytic rancidity. Different types of fats, uses in food processing, food emulsions, fat replacers. Changes during food processing. Protein lipid interaction, Lipid Carbohydrate interaction, Lipid-Lipid interaction. Digestibility, color reactions of proteins and amino acids. Amino acid analysis, protein digestibility corrected amino acid score. Rheological properties of protein- solubility, viscosity, gelling, surfactants Effect of various processing treatments and fortification of foods.

Raman spectroscopy: Principle Theory Instrumentation, techniques and Applications of Raman spectroscopy in food analysis Interfacing devices and applications of GC-MS, GC-IR, MS-MS, HPLC-MS, ICP-MS LC-IRMS Mean distribution. Confidence interval. Confidence limits and confidence level. Outliers. Choosing and using statistical tests, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Statistical Terms and calculation 1. Average 2. Mean 3. Standard deviation 4. Relative standard deviation 5. Coefficient of variation 6. Confidence limits of a measurement 7. Statistical Tests 8. Linear correlation and regression curve fitting, fitting of linear equations, simple linear cases, Origin and properties of radioactivity Detection and measurement of radioactivity, Geiger-Muller Counter, and types of scintillation counters and counting, Scintillation counting of.Capacity factor and resolution factor. Chromatographic efficiency. Parameters of a chromatographic peak. Gaussian shape of a chromatographic peak, column, pumps, plumbing, injectors, mobile phases in HPLC, two dimensional HPLC, factors affecting resolution in HPLC chromatography, (column dimensions, particle size, flow rate and linear velocity). Separation modes: normal and reverse, isocratic and gradient elution, ion suppression and ion pairing. Chiral-HPLC, chiral columns. Detectors: types, PDA, UV, visible fluorescence, electrochemical, ELSD detectors. Derivatization in HPLC: Post and Pre-column. Method development and validation: Choice of columns and solvents, elution strength of solvents, use of buffers and special agents in analysis. Signal to noise ratio, signal modulation, single beam, double beam. What is Beer and Lambert’s Law, Molar absorptivity (. Molar Extinction coefficient) ?, E 1%, (lambda)Max How to calculate.Application in food analysis Understand the simple components of a UV-VIS spectrum. Converting percent transmittance to absorbance, or absorbance to percent transmittance.The plate theory.

Capacity factor and resolution factor. Gaussian shape of a chromatographic peak. Rate theory. Van Deemter’s equation. Partition coefficient etc Principles and applications of paper, Paper, Partition, Thin layer chromatography: (phases used in TLC preparative TLC, metabolic profiling, solvent systems for TLC. Detection of compounds on TLC plates), adsorption, ion exchange, gel filtration, affinity, hydrophobic interaction chromatography. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC): Principles and instrumentation, HPTLC vs. TLC, densitometry and quantitation in HPTLC. HPTLC in fingerprinting and QC. Applications of HPTLC Details of different Sections of the Act Important definitions and understanding these definitions. The important general provisions of the Act that a Food Analyst must understand as a prerequisite to sample analysis and for providing an opinion that will stand in the court of law. The rules and regulations on who and what is covered under the Act. The requirements for Registration, Central and State Licensing. The responsibilities of the FBO for maintaining the License and ensuring safe food to the consumer. The role, duties and liabilities of the Designated Officer, Food Safety Officer. Basic principles of Official sample collection, sampling and dispatch The chain of events beginning with Official sample collection till adjucation and penalty The relevance of the standards (Vertical and Horizontal) quality and safety parameters using two or three food categories as examples Correlating the need for a test with the standard and limits. Different types of extraneous matter. Regulations of food additive: What is an additive, various groups of additives and their technological functions, INS number. Intrinsic details of the very common food additives: food colours, antioxidants, sweeteners, preservatives, processing aids How the limits of food additives are fixed. Role of JECFA.

Analytical methods based on mass measurement: Principles, stoichiometric calculations, precautions needed in analysis. Analytical methods based on volume measurement: Principles, direct and indirect titrimetric methods, non-aqueous titrations, titration curves, ways to minimize errors in analysis. Terminology in analytical measurements True value, measured value, Accuracy, precision, uncertainty, random errors Sample traceability. Internal quality control. Certified reference materials. Spiked reference samples. Recovery studies, method validation (LOD, LOQ, specificity, selectivity, linearity, range, robustness, repeatability, reproducibility) Inter-laboratory exercise. External and internal standards. Calibration curves. Blanks. Control chart. Proficiency testing, z scores Integrity, chain of custody, tests methods, documentation, data integrity, data retention data reporting. LIMS, controlled areas, safe storage of chemicals, good record keeping practices, data entry and integrity of raw data, work ethics Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) System Prerequisite Programs, HACCP Principles, Flow, Application of HACCP Principles, Some Limitations of HACCP Food Safety Objective (FSO) Audits: Introduction, objectives, documentation, responsibilities, management review, audit certification and its importance. Good Hygienic Practices (GHP), Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), Food Safety Plan, Food Safety Management Risk Analysis. Traceability, food product recall. Microbiological Criteria, Definitions. Sampling Plans (2 class and 3 class attributes) Microbiological Criteria and Food Safety.Changes in carbohydrates during processing. Carbohydrates determination methods. Enzymic and non-enzymic browning. Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms.

An overview of bacterial size, shape and arrangement, Cell-wall: Composition and detailed structure of Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell walls, Archaebacterial cell wall, Gram and acid-fast staining mechanisms, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), spheroplasts, protoplasts, and L-forms. Effect of antibiotics and enzymes on the cell wall. Cell Membrane: Structure, function and chemical composition of bacterial cell membrane Microbial Reproduction or Growth: Binary Fission Generation Time (or Doubling Time), Specific Growth Rate, Optimum Growth, Growth Curve. Preparation of solutions (standards, working standard). Analytical methods based on volume measurement: Principles, direct and indirect titrimetric methods, non-aqueous titrations, titration curves, ways to minimize errors in analysis. Different accreditation bodies (NABL, APLAC, ILAC).Solid Phase Extraction- Introduction, sorbents,matrix solid phase dispersion and applications of SPE in food samples Effect of Environment on Food Stability: Light, Oxygen, Water, Temperature, Sensitivity to Mechanical Damage and attack by biological agents Properties of packaging Materials for Light-Protection, Permeability to Gases and Vapors and changes in Temperature Packaging to Control of Biological degradation and mechanical damage, active packaging. Determining the shelf life of a food product. Analysis of Storage Requirement of Moisture-Sensitive Foods, Accelerated Storage Stability Testing, Packaging Requirements of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables, meat, fish and poultry products and Oxygen-Sensitive Foods. Interaction Between food Product and Package and. Extraction of Packaging Material Components. Migration studies, water vapor transmission rate etc.Preparation and care of GC columns. Equivalent columns. Split and split-less injection systems, head space sampling, SPME, pyrolysis, Advances in detection techniques. Introduction to Multidimensional GC and Fast GC. Troubleshooting in GC.

How to determine ADI, NOEL and safety assessment studies Difference between a food additive and processing aid. The Indian Food Code and using the hierarchy to understand the category wise approval of Food additives Regulations for Contaminants, Toxins and Residues and restriction of sales. Which ingredients need to be listed, which packaged foods are exempt with examples of actuals lists found on food labels. 5. Nutrition information, kcal to kJoules conversion, per serving, % daily value, RDA, foods exempt 6. Understanding the difference between, best before, use by and expiry date. Shelf life and dates 7. Product Specific labelling for packaged food: Infant milk and milk products, Food additives, irradiated food etc. What is a health claim, nutrition claim and nutrient led structure function claims? When a health claim can be used. Which health claims are permitted and not permitted. Use of phrases in nutrition claims, Free, low, very low, high, source, rich etc Use of words: Natural, fresh, pure, real, premium, traditional original etc. Additional labelling requirements for Fortified foods, Proprietary food, Nutraceuticals, Health supplements etc. Storage of sample. Required documentation and registration, storage of the sample Analyses as per FSS Rules and Regulations (2011). Importance of Analytical and Fit for purpose methods, quality control, proficiency testing, reference materials etc Also, the opinion writing whether, safe, unsafe, misbranded or mislabeled with some examples. Relevance and importance of sampling to obtain a representative analytical sample How to overcome compositional and distributional homogeneity. Sampling tools Mixing techniques to get a representative analytical sample Subsampling process and reducing error due to mass reduction. Sample splitting and maintaining sample integrity Overview and details of individual sections of the exam. Elaborating in more detail the contents and weightage for the subsections.

Working of problems for converting Hydronium ion concentration to pH, molar absorptivity to concentration and vice versa. How much detailed knowledge is expected of an analyst using the example of UV-Vis spectroscopy Understanding and Reading questions carefully with examples Some books and reference freely available AOAC International serves to its members and the communities of analytical sciences by providing the tools and processes necessary for community stakeholders. For a food analysis, a sample food product would be drawn, packed, sealed and sent to an authorised lab to analyse the quality and safety of the food product. In this article, we look at the procedures to be followed during a FSSAI food testing procedure. Notice to the Business Operator If the product has been obtained from the manufacturer or supplier, a notice in Form V-A shall be issued to them. When a product is drawn from an open container, the person drawing the sample should draw another sample from a container in original condition bearing the same declaration and intimate the same to the Food Analyst. Payment for the Sample The Food Safety Officer should pay the cost of the sample to the person from whom it was drawn. The cost should be the calculated at the rate at which the product is sold to the public. Packing of Sample The sample food for the analysis should be taken in clean dry bottles or jars or in a container which should be sealed properly to prevent leakage, evaporation and to avoid entrance of moisture. In case of selecting an already packed product as a sample, no further sealing is required.

Labelling the Package The package should be properly labelled and should bear the following requirements: Code of the sample Name of the sender with his official designation Date and place of collection Nature of the product that has been sent for analysis Nature and quantity of preservative added to the sample Sealing of package The sample should be divided into 4 parts and each part should be sealed and wrapped using strong paper. The ends of the paper should be folded and affixed. Further, a paper slip that covers bottom to the top of the container, bearing the signature of the designated officer, should be pasted on the wrapper. The signature or thumb impression of the person from whom the sample has been taken should be affixed in such a way that both paper slip and the wrapper bears part of the signature or the thumb impression. The paper cover should be further protected by means of strong thread above and across the jar. The knots of the thread should be covered by means of wax bearing the impression of the seal of the sender. Dispatch of the Package The containers of the samples shall be dispatched in the following manner: The sealed container of one part of the sample along with the memorandum in Form VI should be sent to the Food Analyst. The second and third parts of the sample along with two copies of the memorandum in Form VI should be sent to the Designated Officer. The fourth part of the sample along with a copy of the memorandum in Form VI should be sent to an accredited laboratory along with prescribed fee. On receipt of the food sample, the authorised FSSAI lab would analyse the quality and safety of the sample food product and pass the final decision. Other Related Guides Before you decide to quit your full time high paying job to take a plunge and start your own business, ask yourself if you. Doing business in India as a service provider or manufacturer or trader might require various go.

Any person importing foods products into India must have an Import Export Code and FSSAI importer licen. Fortification is the process of addition of key minerals and vitamins like zinc, iron, iodine, Vitamins A and D to. Ice cream business, a subset of the dairy industry has steadily grown over the years in India. The growing middle clas. Post by Revathi IndiaFilings is India's largest online compliance services platform dedicated to helping people start and grow their business, at an affordable cost. We were started in 2014 with the mission of making it easier for Entrepreneurs to start their business. We have since helped start and operate tens of thousands of businesses by offering a range of business services. Our aim is to help the entrepreneur on the legal and regulatory requirements, and be a partner throughout the business lifecycle, offering support at every stage to ensure the business remains compliant and continually growing. Tags: Food Business FSSAI 0 Get your GST registration and maintain GST compliance on IndiaFilings. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials on these pages are copyrighted by VERVE Financial Services Private Limited. All rights reserved. No part of these pages, either text or image may be used for any purpose. Along with this, he also laid the foundation stone of the FSSAI Tower. Along with this, he also laid the foundation stone of the FSSAI Tower. Incidentally, 23rd August 2019 also marks the 13th anniversary of the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006. Shri Ashwini Kumar Choubey, Minister of State for Health and Familywelfare also participated in the function on this landmark occasion that was attended by over SOO partners and stakeholders from the scientific community, food businesses and corporates. The laboratory in Kolkata is also being upgraded. This national lab is a result of a Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) with Arbro Pharmaceutical, the first-of-its-kind in the food laboratory sector.

It houses state-of-the-art collaborative training centers, namely, The Food Safety Solution Centre (FSSC) and the Centre for Microbiological Analysis Training (C-MAT). NFL-Delhi, NCR symbolizes the synchronization of policy-driven partnerships and collaboration with a holistic approach and a futuristic vision. The lab has a comprehensive array of equipment with the latest technologies and facilities to conduct analysis as per global accreditation standards for testing and calibration. FSSAl will also be establishing NFLs at Mumbai and Chennai in the near future along the same lines. I congratulate FSSA.The contribution ofFSSA.The Central Government has recently created 493 new posts for FSSAI, bringing the overall strength of FSSAI to 824 now. The new facility would also host visiting faculty and trainee officers during training and conferences. Other facilities include a cafeteria, day-care center, fitness center, conference hall, and training center. This 8-floor tower with adequate parking facilities shall further augment the capabilities of FSSAI and its National Food Laboratory. I have full confidence in the success of this partnership and hope to see more such collaborations for other laboratories in the success of this partnership and hope to see more such collaborations for other laboratories in the country. This advanced food-testing infrastructure will also help us fight any instances of food adulteration and will become more robust in the years to come”. This first-of-its-kind, innovative van will take food testing infrastructure to remote villages and far-flung areas, thus, instilling confidence among citizens. There are 44 FSWs currently, which are expected to cross 500 in the coming years. Several of these referral laboratories have been recognized as National Reference Laboratories, 14 of which were awarded Certificates of Recognition at the event.

fssa division of aging operations manual

” Thus, FSSA is taking the initiative to work across divisions and waiver programs, including the Division of Aging’s programs, to develop structured and transparent approaches to establishing rates across covered services. Indiana must demonstrate to CMS that it meets this requirement on an annual basis. For example, in the case of a waiver participant, costs would include the cost of waiver services, physician services, prescribed drugs, home health services received through prior authorization, durable medical equipment such as a wheelchair, supplies such as diabetes testing strips or compression stockings, and other services for which Medicaid pays. As such, adding more participants to the waiver programs by itself does not adversely affect the state’s ability to demonstrate cost neutrality. The division will also consider whether current wage levels are sustainable (per one of the division’s project goals). The provider survey is another source the will be used to understand current wage levels and whether they support retention. There are legitimate reasons for this to vary by provider. How will this be balanced or offset by examining what providers are being paid by private pay clients for the same services? Have you analyzed authorized services provided vs.The change in the number of waiver providers compared with participants? Results of these analyses will be shared with stakeholders and considered in development of the final rate methodology. As described in the rate methodology stakeholder meeting, provider survey responses on total administration and program support costs will be reflected in rate development. Ultimately rate methodologies and rates must be approved by the State Budget Agency. VBP programs generally start with upside risk only and move along the continuum over time. The division welcomes suggestions about potential VBP approaches and related quality measures.

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Announcements: March 22, 2019 - Home- and community-based services rate methodology project webinar The Division of Aging held its first webinar as part of its home- and community-based services rate methodology project on Friday, March 22, 2019. Individuals may view the webinar recording and slides below. Announcements regarding future stakeholder opportunities will be posted to this website. Click here to view the webinar Click here for a copy of the slides March 18, 2019 - stakeholder webinar On Monday, March 18, 2019, FSSA hosted a stakeholder webinar to introduce its home- and community-based services rate methodology project. Additional stakeholder opportunities will be available as each division conducts its project as described in the webinar. Individuals may view the webinar recording and slides below: Click here to view the webinar Click here for a copy of the slides To enable us to respond in a manner most helpful to you, please indicate the nature of your accessibility issue, the preferred format in which to receive the material, the web address of the requested material, and your contact information. The new methodologies will enable FSSA to achieve its policy goals and be in compliance with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Service’s requirements for sound and rigorous payment methodologies. This FAQ will be updated at selected intervals based on newly submitted questions and comments. As such, the earliest date that rates could be updated is January 1, 2020. Recently, CMS has employed a more rigorous process during its review of waiver applications and programs to assure that states are in compliance with CMS guidance that, “Rate setting methodology must be reviewed, and updated if appropriate, every 5 years in accordance with the renewal cycle.

Medical home health agencies require extensive licensures including Medicare and Medicaid certifications. Most newcomers to this field are more likely to consider the less complicated non-medical home care venture with typically lower start-up costs. The focus here is aimed at this non-medical home care agency start-up. There are pros and cons for both but basically franchise fees provide a business model along with start-up guidance and ongoing support. Launching out on your own usually has lower start-up costs without entry or re-occurring franchise fees, less hand-holding but more independence with business strategies. When electing the independent option, write a detailed plan of how you will start, operate, and grow your business. Many healthcare workers find this business endeavor attractive due their experience but it is by no means a prerequisite. Strong communication and organization skills with a well planned business strategy are more fundamental to success. Licensure requirements vary widely from state to state for non-medical home care agencies however are generally not so complex to discourage many from undertaking. Start by contacting your state licensing board to request a package or kit detailing all requirements. See lists of state contacts below. Decide on a business name and check availability in your state including consideration for domain name for website. When approved have letterhead, business cards, brochures printed. Set up a computerized accounting system. Spend time interviewing prospects and checking references to find most competent, compassionate and resourceful caregivers.Contact local physicians, senior centers and rehab outpatient centers to reach prospective clients. Post your agency listing on established elder care websites with strong internet presence for greatest exposure. Save your money on costly high traffic commercial office space and instead find a cheaper accessible location for your employees.

We encourage providers to review the PDF first before entering the information in the web-based survey which can be found at. The division does not plan to release this survey on an annual basis. Please note that the provider survey responses will be held confidential, and the division will not share individual provider responses. The division may share aggregated data, that is combined across providers. If you are only able to provide consolidated information, please specify in the survey comments that your information is consolidated. If transportation is provided by drivers who are separate from the direct care staff, please report their hours separately in the “Other” line. And by having access to our ebooks online or by storing it on your computer, you have convenient answers with Mosby39s Long Term Care Nursing Assistants Workbook Answers. To get started finding Mosby39s Long Term Care Nursing Assistants Workbook Answers, you are right to find our website which has a comprehensive collection of manuals listed. Our library is the biggest of these that have literally hundreds of thousands of different products represented. I get my most wanted eBook Many thanks If there is a survey it only takes 5 minutes, try any survey which works for you. Linguee Look up words and phrases in comprehensive, reliable bilingual dictionaries and search through billions of online translations. Blog Press Information Linguee Apps You helped to increase the quality of our service. Starting a home care business to meet this great demand for in-home care may potentially be a rewarding business enterprise.Basically non-medical home care services include personal care, assistance with daily living activities, meal preparation, housekeeping and transportation. Such services are often vital for folks to remain safe and comfortable in their homes. Private pay rather then 3rd party billing sources are the most common form of payment for non-medical care.

2% was added for all and the 2% was added for COVID-Ready facilities). The interim calculations also included an estimate of days paid for the COVID-Unit add-on. The ISDH is encouraging LTCs to establish a relationship with a primary and secondary laboratory for COVID-19 testing and is recommending LTCs to have a backup lab in case their primary lab experiences delayed turnaround times. This reporting through a second, additional Redcap form will satisfy CLIA reporting requirements, and will ensure that the ISDH captures laboratory information in a timely manner. Last week’s data should not be used as it was published before the effective date of the rule. This analysis has been confirmed with ISDH. ISDH is recommending the use of eye protection as a standard safety measure to protect long-term care health care personnel (HCP) who provide essential direct care within six (6) feet of a resident, particularly when conducting procedures that may lead to sprays and splashes. Further details are as follows: The office hours are scheduled for September 2, 3 and 4 at 4:00 pm Eastern. Web-ex information is as follows:For more info, please visit www.pclabsdx.com. These webinars are also a great platform for member providers to offer feedback and ask questions to the ISDH. These webinars are complimentary and are available to all long term care providers of Indiana. Details about each individual course and related training providers are noted in the sidebar at left. This is additive to the currently approved Personal Care Attendant program. Both programs are active and both can be used. Details here. Refer to these resources and put together a communications plan for all stakeholders including employees, clinical staff, residents, families etc.

Turning away clients is harmful for future referrals but at same time risking poor care due to lack of staff is equally damaging to a company's reputation.Be thoughtful and respectful to your employees. Be understanding and accomodating to your clients needs. Reflect upon reasons you started your own business in the beginning and when times are tough and take time to savor the small accomplishments along the way. Most of her experience is in home health serving as a caregiver, educator, patient advocate, and liaison between families and community resources. She has also worked in acute care, assisted living, and retirement settings. She is passionate about helping families care for their elderly loved ones at home. Learn more about how we make money. Please click here to update. The QSO also addresses communal activities and dining, entry of health care workers to facilities other than staff, entry of government agency investigators, and a new CMP grant related to visitation equipment (tents and plexiglass). This data is for the period September 3-9. There are three counties in Indiana that are above 10% positivity in this week’s file. Facilities in the following counties must begin twice-weekly COVID-19 testing: The Waivers will expire no earlier than the withdrawal or expiration of the Governor’s declaration of the public health emergency. Indiana’s public health emergency declaration currently runs through October 2, 2020. More about the BinaxNOW COVID-19 cards can be found here. POC testing for COVID-19 includes results obtained via molecular and antigen testing machines. Although the guidance has been issued by ISDH, the requirement to report POC test results is the result of CMS’s Interim Final Rule and QSO 20-37, which require CLIA-certified laboratories that utilize POC tests to report all negative and positive COVID-19 results. The Medicaid calculations included all three COVID-related add-ons, when applicable (4.

The household may file an incomplete application as long as the form contains the applicant's name, address, and signature as explained in A-121, Receipt of Application. For written requests, including those received electronically or by fax, staff mail an application packet on the same day the request is received. The individual must specify in writing the alternate mailing address or means of contact, and include a statement that using the home mailing address or normal means of contact could endanger the individual. Applicants only see the questions relevant to the programs they request. A PDF copy of the application information is created for applicants and staff to view. In addition, there are three paper applications for the Marketplace: The advisor is not allowed to work on a case if the individual is a relative (by blood or marriage), roommate, dating companion, supervisor, or someone under the advisor's supervision. The advisor may never work on a case in which the advisor is a case participant or an authorized representative (AR). Generally, the advisor should not work on cases involving these individuals, but the degree and nature of the relationship should be taken into account. In remote areas where it is impractical for another person to process the application, the unit supervisor should be contacted to determine the best method to process the application. Staff will process workload following the OWP Hierarchy order below: A homeless shelter is an approved institution if it is either: If the household pays for room in a shelter, staff must consider the payments as shelter expenses. Before the baby is born, the prison social worker assists the pregnant woman to arrange for a responsible individual to pick up the baby from the hospital. The pregnant woman is sent to a prison section of the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) in Galveston a few weeks before she is due to deliver, unless an emergency occurs earlier.

If an emergency does occur, she will deliver at a closer facility when necessary. Before releasing the baby from the hospital, UTMB requires the individual who picks up the baby to complete an application for Medicaid. Designated Texas Works advisors ensure that the baby is certified for Medicaid using special application processing procedures and follow-up activities. Upon request by the designated advisors, which must be documented in the case record, an advisor must certify the newborn: If needed, staff may follow procedures to request a timeliness exception. If the hospital followed required procedures before releasing the baby, but the baby does not meet eligibility requirements for Medicaid, the designated advisor and State Office Data Integrity (SODI) staff certify the baby for TA 62, MA - State-Paid Coverage. Examples of not meeting eligibility requirements are: A specially designed interview worksheet — Form H0901, HHSC Enhanced Data Gathering Worksheet — guides the CP interviewer through the interview process. Five specific CP food banks are taking part in the pilot program. HHSC contracts with the following food banks to provide application assistance: For assistance beyond Texas Works programs, such as Medicaid for the Elderly and People with Disabilities program requests, advisors follow local office procedures to send the information through the appropriate channels. If the CP uses a date that is not an HHSC workday as the file date, the Texas Works advisor must correct the file date, enter the next HHSC workday as the file date, and document the reason for using the corrected file date. The advisor must also advance the interview date to the same date since the interview date cannot be any earlier than the file date. The CP must send applications screened as potentially eligible for emergency benefits to HHSC on the day of receipt.

We know many of you are going to extraordinary lengths to keep your residents safe from this virus, as well as help keep them engaged while they’re unable to visit with family members, volunteers, and even each other due to social distancing. With many individuals now staying home, we thought this would be a good opportunity for members of the public to send some messages of support to our residents. They are collecting stories from around the internet, so everyone can feel uplifted and inspired to chip in where they can. Whether it’s encouraging donations of hand sanitizer to your local facility, or asking children (who are at home while schools are closed) to create a homemade card, we hope you’ll show your residents www.carenotcovid.com every day to let them know that we’re all thinking about them. Learn more. Enrichment on Demand is offering senior communities interested in experiencing CONNECTIONS, a two week free trial subscription.Surviving and Thriving in Tough Times by Dennis McIntee, CEO, Leadership Development Group. This rate will be available from March 26, 2020 through June 30, 2020 at participating hotels. Learn more. Please review this FAQ closely. AANAC, AAPACN, and AADNS have created a screening questionnaire for health care professionals, as well as screening questions for HCP’ returning to work. Access the questionnaire here. There are two main options: This opportunity may permit employers to pay for all of the child care facility directly for use by employees and children or partner to establish new child care options for employees to access with their own resources.Seperate orders apply to nursing facilities (March 20) and residential care facilities (March 20). The orders do the following: If you are experiencing delays on LCH background checks via your 3 rd party vendors, the fastest way to meet your statutory LCH background check requirement is to have your facility or HR staff directly enter applicant info to the site.

We are aware that fingerprinting for follow ups on inconclusive results is currently unavailable. Please refer to the details below from March 28 guidance issued by ISDH.Please note that many of the former fingerprinting sites are still unavailable, which may mean that you have to send your prospective employees further away to get fingerprinted.Please download this training document to see and learn all new laws involving employing minors. We have a licensed HFA as our COO who completes all the credentialing of our caregivers to ensure compliance with your regulations. There is no minimum use requirement. You just use it when you need it and only pay for what you use. The registry is open to out-of-state health care providers, retired health care professionals, and recent graduates of accredited medical, nursing, physician assistant, and respiratory care programs.An individual who utilizes the registry may obtain temporary authorization to provide health care services in Indiana for an initial period of 90 days, which may then be renewed for 30-day increments. Once the public health emergency expires or is otherwise withdrawn, the temporary licenses issued will expire.IPLA’s COVID-19 Temporary Health Care Provider Registry can be found here and will be updated each day at 7:45 AM EST. To access the full summary, please click here. Anyone helping the applicant complete a paper application must initial the completed sections or sign the form showing that a volunteer or staff person helped complete the application. Each household has the right to file an application on the same day the household contacts the office during office hours. The local office must ensure that a person can obtain an application packet within 15 minutes of coming into the office. Staff must advise the household that an applicant does not have to be interviewed before filing the application.

The CP must send CP-interviewed applications with regular status, not expedited, to HHSC no later than three workdays from the date the CP receives the applications. The CP then emails the interviewed applications to a designated secure regional HHSC Outlook mailbox using Voltage Encryption. The CP places Form H0901, used exclusively by the CP interviewers, at the beginning of each application packet for which the CP conducted an interview. Since there will still be some households who only receive application assistance from the CP, Form H0901 will serve as the flag to notify HHSC staff that the CP has interviewed the household for SNAP.

administrative separations manual

The Marine officer holding the general court martial convening authority (GCMCA) is the separation authority. Unless the enlisted member waives his right to a Board, the separation authority convenes one to determine whether or not the respondent should be separated. The majority of the officer on the board must be drawn from the ranks of commissioned or warrant officers. The voting member must belong to a cadre that is above that of the respondent. After due assessment of all facts, the board members make a recommendation regarding separation and a recommendation for service characterization. When the separation is characterized by an honorable discharge, the respondent not just enjoys all veteran benefits but also finds it easy to find employment post Navy life. Joseph Jordan, expert military lawyer has won honorable discharges for many clients at U.S. Navy establishments across the country and abroad. Message CAPTCHA Phone This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Nothing on this site should be taken as legal advice for any individual case or situation. This information is not intended to create, and receipt or viewing does not constitute, an attorney-client relationship. Military careers can prematurely come to end due to disciplinary issues, too. One such route is an administrative separation. A punitive discharge typically occurs after a judicial conviction at a court-martial, often via dishonorable discharge. An administrative separation is when your command seeks to involuntarily separate you through the administrative (non-judicial) process. This can occur for any number of reasons, including: The military determines the quality of service in accordance with the standards of personal conduct in the Uniform Code of Military Justice.

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The concept is that one is innocent until proven guilty. Regardless of what the law says about reasonable doubt, there is an unwritten presumption within the ranks of the military that if you are charged with sexual assault, then you are guilty. The stakes are your life. Your military counsel works for the same military that charged you. Consider that as you choose who represents you in your potentially life altering case. Administrative separations are not punitive discharges and they are based on the quality of service that has been demonstrated by the enlisted member of the Navy. Apart from this, separations may be considered when the Navy man's ability to carry out his duties does not justify the cost of the resources that have been invested in him in terms of training and equipment.If the matter is being sent to the Secretary of the Navy, it must be forwarded to him within 55 days of the receipt of notice by the respondent. His response is reviewed by the commanding officer who then decides whether or not to proceed with the discharge process. Apart from mandatory separation, in all other cases, reasonable efforts at rehabilitation have to be made before the proceedings are taken any further. The enlisted member has a right to get copies of all the documents that will be forwarded to the separation authority. He has a right to hire military counsel to represent him or represent himself during the hearing. An enlisted member with 6 or more years of service can request an administrative board for the hearing. Nonmilitary counsel may also be hired by the respondent at his own cost. Apart from these rights the respondent also has the right to call upon witnesses to substantiate his statements and he can question all the witnesses who are called during the proceedings. His recommendation covers discharge or retention of the enlisted member and the service characterization.

You should advise the noncommissioned officer in charge (NCOIC) of the problems and direct him to counsel and assist the soldier as needed. You and the NCOIC must keep written records of all counseling sessions, using DA Form 4856 when possible. When a soldier does not respond to counseling or has shown that he cannot get along with others in the unit, you should transfer him to another unit. Often a change of supervisors, associates, or living and working areas will solve the problem. If possible, the transfer should be between battalion-sized units with duty in both the gaining and losing units for at least two months. This does not preclude reassignment between brigade or larger units when local commanders consider it necessary. Only as a last resort will you recommend a permanent change of station. The separation authority may approve a waiver any time on or before the date the separation authority approves or disapproves the separation. In requesting a waiver, you should fully state why the soldier cannot be rehabilitated. (See AR 635-200, paragraph 1-18d.) The soldier cannot apply for a misconduct discharge. You should not use separation authority instead of a court-martial solely to keep soldiers from receiving harsher penalties. Separation action must be initiated against soldiers who have the following drug problems unless other action is taken: When you initiate separation of a soldier for misconduct, other than by conviction by a civilian court, you must schedule the soldier for both a medical examination and a mental status evaluation.(see AR 635-200, paragraph 1-34.) If the examining medical officer decides that the soldier does not meet medical retention standards, he will refer the soldier to a medical board. The GCMCA will direct that the soldier be processed through disability channels if he determines that-- You must flag the soldier's records according to AR 600-8-2.

For administrative separations, a service member can be separated according to one of the following three categories (you cannot receive a dishonorable discharge through an administrative separation): A Medal of Honor winner, for example, would almost certainly receive an Honorable Discharge. A General (Under Honorable Conditions) characterization may jeopardize a member's Montgomery G.I. Bill and other veteran's benefits. The member typically will not be allowed to reenlist or enter a different branch of military service. Some examples of OTH discharges include (but are not limited to): However, a single incident can, in certain instances, provide the basis for a service member's characterization of service. If you’re facing an administrative separation, you should contact a military defense attorney to learn more about your rights and the process. For more information on this, see FindLaw’s article on hiring civilian attorneys for military matters as well as FindLaw’s lawyer directory to find a civilian attorney near you that specializes in military law. Please try again. It may not be available at this time, the URL may have changed, or we may be experiencing technical problems locating it. If possible, include the resource’s title and the URL that is no longer working. Reasons for such discharge include-- The separation authority may waive rehabilitative measures (but not counseling) in appropriate circumstances. (See AR 635-200, paragraph 1-18d.) These preliminary actions need not be taken when basis for separation is either conviction by a civilian court or commission of a serious offense. A member of the soldier's chain of command must counsel him regarding his deficiencies, inform him that his continued misconduct could result in his separation, and advise him about the types of discharge that could result and the consequences of each.

The commander who is an SPCMCA acts as the separation authority when a discharge under other than honorable conditions is not warranted and the notification procedure is used. An honorable discharge may be ordered only when the GCMCA has authorized the exercise of separation authority in the case. When the board has recommended separation for misconduct, the separation authority may do one of the following: If a soldier who is entitled to a board requests one, the separation authority will appoint no fewer than three experienced commissioned, warrant, or noncommissioned officers (sergeant first class or higher and senior in rank to the respondent) to hold a hearing and make findings and recommendations on the separation action. Soldiers are entitled to counsel at this hearing and may call witnesses and present evidence on their behalf. They may question the witnesses who are called to testify. Often, the board will call you and members of the soldier's chain of command as witnesses. The board's decision is not final, but the separation authority who appoints the board cannot, upon review, take action more severe than what the board recommended. The separation authority will appoint a member of the same minority group as the respondent or, if one is not available, appoint a member of another minority group. All determinations of availability should be documented in the record of proceedings. (See AR 635-200, paragraph 2-7b(3) and (5)). There are no special limitations on the duties soldiers may perform while awaiting separation processing. Because their records will be flagged, they are in a nonpromotable status. You should stay abreast of the status of proceedings to inform the soldiers and answer questions. Conviction, for these purposes, means any action that decides the issue of guilt and carries the power of a state or federal court to impose a penalty, even though the court or statutes do not call it a conviction.

After preparing the report and collecting all of the documents concerning the case, tell the soldier in writing of the basis for the proposed action and advise him of his rights. (See AR-635-200, paragraphs 2-2 and 2-4.) You should then make an appointment for the TDS office to counsel the soldier on his rights. Give the soldier a copy of his entire separation file to take with him to the TDS office. In such cases, soldiers may choose to be represented by counsel before the board. Soldiers may submit any statements they want to have attached to the separation recommendation. Give soldiers at least three duty days to consult with counsel; a judge advocate officer will advise soldiers concerning their rights. The JAG officer will use the format shown in AR 635-200, Figure 2-5, to record counseling and the rights selection or waiver. A soldier who waives his right to appear before a board of officers, to submit statements, or to have counsel may withdraw that waiver and request these rights any time before the separation authority orders, directs, or approves his discharge. If the soldier refuses to consult with counsel, prepare a statement to that effect and forward the case as if the soldier had consulted with counsel. Route the recommendation through the chain of command to the separation authority. In actions involving cases of misconduct, except cases of drug abuse, all intermediate commanders (battalion, brigade) will review the file and may-- Only commanders with special court-martial jurisdiction have this option. For misconduct cases where a discharge under other than honorable conditions is warranted, the separation authority is either the GCMCA or a general officer in command with a judge advocate or legal advisor available. A general officer cannot, however, approve a discharge based upon a foreign conviction.

You should act immediately to assist. Therefore, soldiers will not act foolishly or immaturely, such as go AWOL, thereby creating a greater problem for both themselves and the Army. Then, you should investigate alternatives to discharge that could alleviate the hardship or dependency until the soldier's normal ETS. Discharge should be considered a last resort. In many cases, temporary financial relief will alleviate hardship for a short term, allowing the soldier to finish his term of service. Local banks or credit unions offer loans, but often the terms of interest and repayment are prohibitive. The Army Emergency Relief (AER) fund provides a less burdensome means of financial assistance to qualified soldiers. AER loans have no interest charge and can be repaid in small monthly allotments. If the soldier cannot repay a loan without creating further hardship, the AER can authorize a grant. In some situations, the AER will offer a loan-and-grant package. (See AR 930-4, paragraph 2-4.) AR 930-4, paragraph 2-10, details conditions for approval of a loan or grant; paragraph 2-11 details conditions for denial. If the soldier has enough accrued leave, he should be allowed to use it for this purpose. If he does not have enough accrued leave, you may authorize an advance of up to 45 days, depending on the time remaining in the soldier's enlistment. The maximum leave allowed is normally 60 days for one absence, including accrued and advanced leave. (See AR 630-5, paragraph 5-2.) Finally, you may authorize up to 30 days of emergency leave upon the death or serious injury of family members. (See AR 630-5, paragraphs 6-1 and 6-4.) The evidence will usually be an affidavit and must meet the requirements of AR 635-200, paragraph 6-7. In some cases, you may grant the soldier leave to go home to get the necessary statements and reports to support his application. Once the application is complete, the soldier must submit it to you.

You review it to see if it meets regulatory requirements and then add an endorsement recommending approval or disapproval. This endorsement will also include all of the information AR 635-200, paragraph 6-6b, requires. Forward the application to the separation authority for review and final action. Depending on the situation, the enlistment may be either void or voidable at the option of the Army. If the enlistment is void, the Army has no authority over the individual. If the enlistment is voidable, the Army may discharge or retain the soldier. The same rules apply to void and voidable inductions when an induction statute is in effect. If you discover that a minor is serving on an enlistment or induction, your primary duty is to determine the facts in the case. AR 635-200, paragraph 7-5, lists the necessary documents. After determining whether an enlistment or induction is void or voidable, report the situation to the separation authority. Federal statutes govern this agreement. Therefore, any enlistment of a person under 17 years old who has not reached that age in the meantime is void, and the person will be released from the military. Since the individual was never properly a member of the Army, you cannot recommend a discharge. Instead, you order that the person be released from the Army's custody and control. (See AR 635-200, paragraph 72D9.) If a person enlisted while younger than 17 but has in the meantime attained that age, or if time person enlisted when 17 years old without parental consent, the enlistment is voidable. Unless the soldier is charged with a serious offense committed after attaining the age of 17 years, the separation authority will discharge the soldier for minority upon application of parents or guardians. The parents or guardians must apply within 90 days of the enlistment, and evidence must show that the soldier is under 18 years of age and that he or she enlisted without the parents' or guardians' written consent.

The separation authority usually gives a discharge under other than honorable conditions but may give an honorable or general discharge certificate or entry level separation when the soldier's overall record merits it. (See AR 635-200, Chapter 3, Section III.) Execution of a discharge, however, must be withheld until one of the following occurs: Soldiers do not have a right to request discharge. The separation authority may decide not to separate a soldier if the circumstances so warrant and if civil authorities have placed no restrictions on the soldier that would interfere with his performance of duty. AR-635-200, Chapter 2, Section IV, prescribes additional actions to take when soldiers are confined or are beyond military control due to their unauthorized absence. Soldiers confined by civil authorities may consult a JAG by correspondence. You will inform the soldier of a separation action and of the soldier's rights. You will personally deliver this notice to the soldier or send it by certified mail with return receipt requested. You then advise the soldier that he must notify you of an election of rights before a specified date (not less than 30 days from date of receipt of notice). If the soldier does not respond, process the separation action as though the soldier had waived his rights. When soldiers who are entitled to an administrative board are confined by civilian authorities, they will be notified that the hearing by a board of officers will proceed in their absence; they lose their right to appear before the board. If soldiers are confined by civil authorities and unable to attend proceedings, they will still be represented by counsel. Cases will be processed through the chain of command to the separation authority. Soldiers separated for unsatisfactory performance will receive honorable or general discharge certificates, as warranted by their military records. The separation authority specified in AR 635-200, paragraph 1-21, decides discharges.

These procedures are the same as those for separations for a pattern of minor military disciplinary infractions and for other acts or patterns of misconduct. Base your separation recommendations on knowledge of individual soldiers and their performance. Soldiers cannot apply for an unsatisfactory performance separation. After you recommend soldiers for discharge for unsatisfactory performance, follow the same procedures as for separations for misconduct. Their right to counsel is the same as for separations for misconduct. If a hearing is not required or if a soldier waives his right to a hearing, the separation authority can be one of the following: These soldiers are not attempting to shirk their obligations but have a conflict of demands that discharge will best resolve. They will usually approach you or their first sergeant with this problem, and you will take the first action in processing the request. The situation must be permanent, that is, more than a minor illness or temporary job layoff. The two younger children at home have no relatives willing to be their guardians. In this case the soldier could reasonably claim dependency. Persons whom a soldier can claim as dependents for a dependency discharge generally include parents, spouse, and younger siblings. (See AR 635-200, paragraph 6-5a.) The existence of these circumstances, however, does not prevent separation because of dependency or hardship, provided the application meets the criteria discussed above. For example, a soldier may be the only child of a farmer in an area where farm help is not available or within the family's means. The farmer is permanently disabled in an accident after the soldier's enlistment and can no longer work the farm sufficiently to maintain the family without the soldier. No other family members are able to help. In this case, the soldier could reasonably claim a hardship that has occurred since he entered the service and that warrants separation.

The Selective Service Act gives the requirements for induction. No induction statute is currently in effect. Separation is based on the soldier's illegal, wrongful, or improper use of any controlled substance, alcohol, or other drug while enrolled in ADAPCP. A soldier with less than six years of active and reserve military service is not entitled to an administrative separation board. He is entitled to the protections of the limited use policy, according to AR 600-85, Chapter 6. AR 635-200, Chapter 9, sets forth precise rules and procedures for separation of an abuser of alcohol or drugs. Since 1962, officers and enlisted soldiers have been allowed to apply for discharge on the basis of conscientious objection to war formed after entering the Army. They may not request discharge if Selective Service previously denied their request for exemption. Such beliefs must have arisen while the soldiers were on active duty, though these beliefs may be based on experiences, training, and education which occurred before the entered the service. Take the first action on the application for discharge. After receiving an application from a soldier, review it to ensure that it contains all of the information required by AR 600-43. If information is missing, return the application to the soldier for correction. If you think the soldier has not stated a valid case, you may not, however, refuse to process the request. They will attach their reports to the application. You will then forward the file to the commander exercising special court-martial convening authority. He, in turn, will appoint an officer to investigate the claim. The appointed officer will be captain or higher and know the conscientious objection policies and procedures. After the interviews and hearings, you must again review the file and act as required by AR 600-43, paragraph 2-6. You then forward the file through the chain of command to the commander exercising general court-martial convening authority.

That commander will approve the action or forward it to the Department of the Army if he recommends disapproval. While the application is being processed, the soldier will be retained in the unit and assigned duties that conflict as little as possible with his stated beliefs They have the right to a hearing before an officer with a rank of captain or higher who knows the regulations and policies. Soldiers have no right to military counsel at this hearing, but they may be represented by civilian counsel at their own expense. You should cooperate in the collection of documents that must be attached to discharge requests. The soldier and his counsel will submit to you the completed request. You will recommend approval or disapproval, based on the seriousness of the offense and the soldier's record, and forward it through the chain of command to the commander with general court-martial authority. ( AR 635-200, paragraph 10-7, provides criteria for delegating approval authority for Chapter 10 requests in certain AWOL cases). The general court-martial convening authority will take final action on the request for discharge. (See AR 635-200, Chapter 10.) This separation is characterized as honorable or general or as an entry level separation. A soldier may receive a separation for government convenience for-- That fact must have possibly resulted in the soldier's rejection had the Army known and considered it at the time of his enlistment or reenlistment. The separation authority may void the fraudulent entry and issue orders releasing the soldier from the Army; it may process the soldier under the notification procedure ( AR 635-200, paragraph 2-2) and grant an honorable or general discharge; or it may process the soldier under the administrative board procedure (AR 35-200, paragraph 2-4) and direct a discharge under other than honorable conditions.

If concealed to enlist, material facts that may warrant discharge are-- Grounds include preservice, prior-service, or current-service homosexual acts, admissions of homosexuality or bisexuality, or homosexual marriages. If you have any credible evidence that a basis for separation exists, you will investigate. If you determine that probable cause for separation exists, you must initiate separation action. The soldier is entitled to the protections of the administrative board procedures in accordance with AR 635-200, paragraph 2-4. AR 635-200, Chapter 15, discusses specific rules and procedures. Administrative separations may be characterized or described as-- The honorable characterization is appropriate when the quality of the soldier's service generally has met the standards of acceptable conduct and performance of duty, or is otherwise so meritorious that any other characterization will be clearly inappropriate. The separation authority must consider the soldier's age, length of service, rank, personal decorations, and general aptitude. Isolated incidents of minor misconduct may be disregarded if the overall pattern of a soldier's service is good. No specific number of disciplinary actions disqualify a soldier from receiving an honorable discharge. Recommending a general discharge is appropriate if a soldier's military record is satisfactory but does not merit an honorable discharge. Again, a specific number of disciplinary actions is not an automatic criterion for a general discharge; you must use discretion. A soldier who receives a general discharge might find it more difficult to obtain good civilian employment. A general discharge may be issued to a soldier only if the reason for the soldier's separation specifically allows such a discharge. It may deprive a soldier of most veteran's benefits, and it may cause great difficulty in finding civilian employment.

Only the following may authorize such a discharge: It may be authorized without board action if the soldier requests a discharge for the good of the service or is beyond military control due to prolonged, unauthorized absence. Site maintained by: John Pike. The three characterizations are:The issuance of an Honorable Discharge is contingent upon proper military behavior and performance of duty.A separation from the naval service under honorable conditions. The issuance of a discharge under honorable conditions is contingent upon military behavior and performance of duty which is not sufficiently meritorious to warrant an Honorable Discharge.A separation from the naval service under conditions other than honorable.This characterization will be considered when the member is separated by reason of Selected Changes in Service Obligation, Convenience of the Government, or Disability.An Entry Level Separation for a member of a Reserve component separated from the Delayed Entry Program is under honorable conditions. Each person is different, and every case is equally unique. At a time when you risk losing the most, make the right decision about hiring a military lawyer.If you have already been separated from the military and want to upgrade your discharge, please visit our Discharge Upgrades page. Now, you face being “fired.” While it looks like your whole command is united against you, there is still hope, but you must have someone who understands the process and is willing to take the time to lead you through this dangerous minefield. Given their experiences, this is understandable, but you must also understand that the consequences of not fighting an administrative separation may be dire. This starts with your characterization of service. With an honorable discharge, you receive all benefits reserved for America’s veterans. It sounds positive because it contains the phrase “honorable conditions,” but do not be fooled.

With this characterization of service, you lose your GI Bill as well as other veterans benefits. Many join the military primarily to receive GI Bill benefits. Also, because this is not an Honorable Discharge, you may find yourself unable to gain meaningful employment or college admissions. Also, like a General, Under Honorable Conditions, it can substantially harm your ability to get a job or further your education. It will haunt you for the rest of your life. Make sure it is someone who knows the process and will prioritize your case. Look up old friends, colleagues, and leaders who know and like you. Prepare to share all of this with your lawyer in order to prepare a smart and thorough response to your proposed separation. Depending on your years of service, the type of administrative separation, the reasons for separation, and the characterization of service sought, you may be entitled to a board. This means that a panel of impartial officers and NCOs will review your file in a setting similar to a trial. They will hear what your command says, but they will also listen to what you have to say. Your chances of keeping your job increase if you have a board. You owe it to yourself and everyone who cares about you. Do you need representation? Each person is different, and every case is equally unique. At a time when you risk losing the most, make the right decision about hiring a military lawyer.Each attorney is properly licensed to practice law within their respective states. As such, they are also authorized to represent clients before all military trial courts (courts-martial), military boards, appropriate federal agencies and boards, and federal proceedings before the EEOC and MSPB. This website does not create an attorney-client relationship. That relationship can only be formed in writing and by agreement between the attorney and a prospective client. This website constitutes advertising.